Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Gabatarwa
Binciken Ayyukan Yanar Gizo na Ma'ana (SWS) yana nufin haɗa ayyuka don cimma takamaiman manufa ta hanyar haɗa kai ta atomatik bisa bayanin manufa da bayanan ayyuka da ake da su. Wannan yana wakiltar ci gaba mai muhimmanci a cikin bayanin sabis da amfani da shi, inda ake amfani da ƙayyadaddun ilimin tauhidi na yau da kullun don bayyana ma'anar lissafi mai madaidaici.
Haɗin ma'ana yana ba da tallafi mai yawa don sarrafa sabis, yayin da bayanan da ke kan ilimin tauhidi ke sauƙaƙe madaidaicin sarrafa kai ta hanyar ƙarin bayanan sabis na yau da kullun. Babbar manufar hanyoyin SWS ita ce sarrafa kai na gano sabis da haɗa su a cikin yanayin Tsarin Sabis (SOA).
Ayyukan Bincike
An ƙirƙira ilimin tauhidi da yawa, harsunan wakilci, da tsare-tsare masu haɗaka
Maida hankali kan Sarrafa Kai
Gano sabis, zaɓi, haɗawa, da aiwatarwa
Shisshigin ɗan Adam
An rage shi ta hanyar bayanin ma'ana
2. Rarrabawar Bayanin Ma'ana na Ayyukan Yanar Gizo
Fagen ayyukan yanar gizo na ma'ana ya samo asali ne tare da manyan hanyoyin fasaha guda biyu: WS-* da REST. Ƙayyadaddun WS-* suna amfani da tsarin aika saƙo da ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin sadarwa na sabis tare da daidaitattun ka'idojin abubuwan more rayuwa, yayin da REST ke bin salon gine-ginen Yanar Gizo na Duniya, yana kallon ayyuka a matsayin albarkatun da za a iya samun dama ta hanyar daidaitaccen hanyar sadarwa na HTTP.
2.1 Hanyoyin Sama-ƙasa
Hanyoyin sama-ƙasa suna farawa da manyan tsare-tsare na ilimin tauhidi kuma suna aiki zuwa cikin cikakkun bayanai na aiwatarwa. Waɗannan hanyoyin yawanci suna amfani da Lissafin Bayani (DLs) da ƙayyadaddun ilimin tauhidi kamar OWL don samar da cikakkun bayanai na ma'ana.
2.2 Hanyoyin ƙasa-Sama
Hanyoyin ƙasa-sama suna farawa daga bayanan ayyukan yanar gizo da ake da su kuma suna haɓaka su tare da bayanan ma'ana. Wannan hanya mai amfani tana gina iyawar ma'ana a hankali akan abubuwan more rayuwa da ake da su.
2.3 Hanyoyin REST
Ayyukan yanar gizo na ma'ana na REST suna amfani da ka'idojin gine-ginen REST yayin haɗa bayanan ma'ana. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna da alaƙa da yawa idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarar ayyukan REST akan yanar gizo na jama'a.
3. Kwatancen Bincike da Kimantawa
Wannan sashe yana ba da tsari don kwatanta hanyoyin SWS daban-daban bisa goyon bayansu na manyan ayyuka ciki har da gano, kira, haɗawa, da aiwatarwa. Kimantawar tana la'akari da tushen ka'idoji da aiwatarwa na zahiri.
Muhimman Fahimta
- Hanyoyin sama-ƙasa suna ba da cikakkun tsare-tsare amma suna buƙatar babban jari na farko
- Hanyoyin ƙasa-sama suna ba da hanyoyin haɓaka masu amfani a hankali
- Hanyoyin REST sun yi daidai da yanayin gine-ginen yanar gizo na zamani
- Ƙalubalen haɗin kai suna ci gaba a cikin tsare-tsare daban-daban na ilimin tauhidi
4. Ƙarshe da Ra'ayoyin Gaba
Takardar ta ƙarasa da cewa, duk da an sami ci gaba mai muhimmanci a cikin bayanin sabis na yanar gizo na ma'ana, ƙalubale har yanzu suna nan a cikin daidaitawa, haɗin kai, da aiwatarwa na zahiri. Bincike na gaba ya kamata ya mayar da hankali kan gina gada tsakanin tsare-tsare na ka'idoji da aikace-aikacen duniya na zahiri.
5. Binciken Fasaha da Tsarin Aiki
5.1 Tushen Lissafi
Ayyukan yanar gizo na ma'ana sun dogara da ƙa'idar lissafi na yau da kullun da lissafin bayani don wakiltar sabis. Za a iya bayyana ainihin daidaitawar ma'ana ta amfani da haɗin ma'ana:
$ServiceMatch(S_R, S_A) = ∀ output_R ∃ output_A : (output_R ⊑ output_A) ∧ ∀ input_A ∃ input_R : (input_A ⊑ input_R)$
Inda $S_R$ ke wakiltar sabis da ake nema, $S_A$ ke wakiltar sabis da aka tallata, kuma sharuɗɗar daidaitawa tana tabbatar da dacewa tsakanin abubuwan shiga da fitarwa.
5.2 Misalin Tsarin Bincike
Yi la'akari da yanayin haɗa sabis na shirin tafiya:
Haɗin Sabis na Tsara Tafiya
Bukatun Shiga: Birnin fita, birnin da ake nufa, kwanakin tafiya, ƙuntatawa na kasafin kuɗi
Bayanan Ma'ana:
- Sabis na Jirgin Sama: yana da abin shiga (Birni, Kwanan wata); yana da abin fitarwa (Zaɓuɓɓukan Jirgin Sama)
- Sabis na Otal: yana da abin shiga (Birni, Tsawon Kwanan wata); yana da abin fitarwa (Zaɓuɓɓukan Otal)
- Sabis na Yanayi: yana da abin shiga (Birni, Kwanan wata); yana da abin fitarwa (Hasashen Yanayi)
Hankalin Haɗawa: Mai fahimtar ma'ana ya gano cewa nasarar tsara tafiya na buƙatar aiwatar da ayyukan yin rajistar jirgin sama, ajiyar otal, da duba yanayi a jere, tare da warware matsalolin kwararar bayanai ta atomatik ta hanyar daidaitawar ma'ana.
6. Sakamakon Gwaji da Ma'aunin Aiki
6.1 Kwatancen Aiki
Yawanci kimantawar gwaji na hanyoyin ayyukan yanar gizo na ma'ana tana auna:
Daidaituwar Gano
Hanyoyin sama-ƙasa: daidaito 85-92%
Hanyoyin ƙasa-sama: daidaito 78-88%
Yawan Nasarar Haɗawa
Haɗa ayyuka masu sarƙaƙiya: yawan nasara 70-85%
Sarkar ayyuka masu sauƙi: yawan nasara 90-95%
Ƙarin Kudin Aiwatarwa
Sarrafa ma'ana yana ƙara kashi 15-30% na ƙarin kudi idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin da ba na ma'ana ba
6.2 Bayanin Zane na Fasaha
Gine-ginen sabis na yanar gizo na ma'ana yawanci yana bin hanyar sassa:
Layer 1: Ayyukan yanar gizo na asali (SOAP, REST) waɗanda ke ba da iyawar aiki
Layer 2: Bayanan ma'ana ta amfani da OWL-S, WSMO, ko SAWSDL
Layer 3: Injunan tunani don gano sabis da haɗa su
Layer 4: Hanyoyin sadarwa na aikace-aikace waɗanda ke amfani da ayyukan da aka haɗa
Wannan gine-ginen sassa yana ba da damar raba damuwa yayin kiyaye daidaiton ma'ana a cikin hulɗar sabis.
7. Ayyuka na Gaba da Hanyoyin Bincike
7.1 Wuraren Aikace-aikace masu Tasowa
- Abubuwan Yanar Gizo (IoT): Haɗa sabis na ma'ana don ingantattun muhalli
- Haɗin kai na Kiwon Lafiya: Sasantawa na ma'ana tsakanin tsare-tsaren likitanci daban-daban
- Ayyukan Kuɗi: Binciken bin ka'ida ta atomatik ta hanyar bayanan sabis na ma'ana
- Birane masu wayo: Haɗa sabis mai ƙarfi don gudanar da birane
7.2 Ƙalubalen Bincike
- Yuwuwar tunani na ma'ana don manyan wuraren ajiya na sabis
- Haɗa koyon inji tare da ayyukan yanar gizo na ma'ana
- La'akari da ingancin sabis a cikin haɗa sabis na ma'ana
- Daidaituwar ilimin tauhidi a fagage daban-daban da haɗin kai
8. Bayanan da aka ambata
- Martin, D., et al. (2004). OWL-S: Alamar Ma'ana don Ayyukan Yanar Gizo. Gabatarwar Memba na W3C.
- Roman, D., et al. (2005). Ilimin ƙirƙira Sabis na Yanar Gizo. Ilimin Tauhidi da Aka Aiwatar, 1(1), 77-106.
- Kopecký, J., et al. (2007). SAWSDL: Bayanan Ma'ana don WSDL da Tsarin XML. Lissafin Intanet na IEEE, 11(6), 60-67.
- Fielding, R. T. (2000). Salon Gine-gine da Ƙirar Gine-ginen Software na Tushen Cibiyar Sadarwa. Karatun digiri na uku, Jami'ar California, Irvine.
- Zhu, J.-Y., et al. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna zuwa Hotuna marasa Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Makoki masu Daidaitaccen Zagaye. Taron Kasa da Kasa na IEEE akan Kwamfutar Kwakwalwa.
- Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J., & Lassila, O. (2001). Yanar Gizo mai Ma'ana. Scientific American, 284(5), 34-43.
Binciken Kwararre: Ayyukan Yanar Gizo na Ma'ana a Mararraba
Gaskiya ta Asali
Yanayin ayyukan yanar gizo na ma'ana ya rabu sosai, tare da fafutuka masu gasa waɗanda ke nuna rarrabuwar falsafa mai zurfi a cikin gine-ginen yanar gizo. Duk da cewa takardar ta ba da cikakken bayani, gaskiyar ita ce, muna shaida yaƙi na shiru tsakanin cikakkun hanyoyin sama-ƙasa masu rikitarwa da hanyoyin ƙasa-sama masu amfani amma masu iyaka. Hanyar REST, kamar yadda aka haskaka a cikin karatun digiri na Fielding, tana wakiltar hanyar ta uku wacce ta yi daidai da ka'idojin yanar gizo amma tana gwagwarmaya da ƙaƙƙarfan ma'ana na yau da kullun.
Kwararar Hankali
Juyin halitta yana bin tsari mai iya annabta: farkon sha'awar cikakkun tsare-tsare na ilimin tauhidi (OWL-S, WSMO) ya ba da hanya ga hanyoyin bayanai masu amfani (SAWSDL), waɗanda a yanzu haka hanyoyin ma'ana na REST ke ƙalubalanta. Wannan yana kama da babban sauyi a cikin ayyukan yanar gizo daga SOAP zuwa REST, amma tare da ƙarin girman ma'ana. Tushen lissafi a cikin lissafin bayani yana ba da ingancin ka'idar, amma kamar yadda takardar CycleGAN ta nuna a hangen nesa na kwamfuta, kyawun ka'ida ba koyaushe yake fassara zuwa nasara ta zahiri ba.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai
Ƙarfin sama-ƙasa: Cikakken ɗaukar hoto na ma'ana, ƙaƙƙarfan tushen ka'idoji, iyawar tunani ta atomatik. Kurakurai: Rikitarwar aiwatarwa, tsaurarin koyan koyo, rashin karɓuwa a cikin masana'antu.
Ƙarfin ƙasa-sama: Karɓuwa a hankali, dacewa da abubuwan more rayuwa da ake da su, ƙananan shinge na shiga. Kurakurai: Iyakancewar bayyana ma'ana, dogaro da bayanan da ake da su, ɓarnatar bayanai.
Ƙarfin REST: Daidaitawar gine-ginen yanar gizo, yuwuwar haɓakawa, sanin mai haɓakawa. Kurakurai: Iyakancewar ma'ana, rashin daidaitattun hanyoyin, ƙuntatawa na tushen albarkatu.
Fahimta mai Aiki
Gaba yana cikin hanyoyin haɗaka waɗanda ke haɗa ƙaƙƙarfan ma'ana na hanyoyin sama-ƙasa tare da fa'idodin turawa na zahiri na gine-ginen REST. Bincike ya kamata ya mayar da hankali kan bayanan ma'ana masu sauƙi waɗanda ba sa yin sadaukarwar bayyana ra'ayi, kama da yadda gine-ginen microservices suka samo asali daga SOA. Aikin W3C na ci gaba akan JSON-LD da Hydra yana wakiltar alkiblai masu ban sha'awa. Ƙungiyoyi ya kamata su ba da fifiko ga haɗin kai na ma'ana akan cikakken ɗaukar hoto na ilimin tauhidi, suna mai da hankali kan takamaiman fagage inda daidaiton ma'ana ke kawo ƙimar kasuwanci na zahiri.
Kamar yadda Berners-Lee ya haskaka tun asali, nasarar yanar gizo mai ma'ana ta dogara ne akan karɓuwa a hankali da amfani na zahiri maimakon cikakkiyar ka'ida. Darussan nasarar CycleGAN a fassarar hoto maras haɗin gwiwa sun nuna cewa ƙuntatawa na zahiri sau da yawa suna haifar da ƙirƙira fiye da tsarkakar ka'ida.